Topic1: General Aspects of Energy Management & Energy Audit
1.1 Energy Scenario:
Global and Pakistan energy scenario, Fuel wise consumption – Natural Gas, Oil, Coal, Nuclear Energy, Renewable Energy, Electricity, Pakistan Energy Balance, National Energy Efficiency and Conservation Act 2016, Key Energy efficiency Policies in Pakistan Vision 2025, Pakistan’s Nationally Determined Contributions, Sectoral energy consumption (domestic, industrial and other sectors), energy needs of growing economy, energy intensity, long term energy scenario, energy pricing, energy security, energy conservation and its importance, energy strategy for the future.
1.2 Energy Management and Audit:
Definition, scope of energy audit, types of energy audit, detailed energy audit methodology, Implementing energy efficiency measures, detailed project report, understanding energy cost, bench marking and energy performance, plant energy performance, matching energy usage to requirement, maximizing system efficiencies, energy audit instruments and metering.
1.3 Energy Management System:
Introduction, ISO50001 for effective management of energy, Energy performance approach, Relationship between Energy Performance and EnMS, Plan do check act cycle, Benefits of implementing ISO50001, Why New ISO50001version.
1.4 Financial Management:
Introduction, investment-need and appraisal, financial analysis approach - profit revenue and cost, Time value of money, Financial analysis techniques- simple payback period, return on investment, cost benefit, profitability index, Discounted cash flow methods - net present value, internal rate of return, modified internal Comparison of project evaluation methods.
1.5 Financing Options:
Energy performance contracting and role of ESCOs – What are performance contracts, Self-financing energy management, Ensuring continuity.
Topic 2: Energy Efficiency in Thermal Utilities
2.1 Fuels and Combustion:
Introduction to fuels, properties of liquid fuels, properties of coal, properties of gaseous fuels, properties of agro residues, Combustion, Combustion od coal, Combustion of gas.
2.2 Boilers:
Introduction, Boiler system, Types of boilers, performance evaluation of boilers, boiler blow down, Boiler water treatment, energy conservation opportunities.
2.3 Steam System:
Introduction, Properties of steam, steam distribution system, efficient steam utilization, Proper selection, operation and maintenance of steam traps.
2.4 Industrial Furnaces: Introduction, Types of Furnace, Classification of different furnaces.
2.5 Insulation and Refractories:
Insulation – Purpose of insulation, types and application, thermal resistance, economic thickness of insulation, heat savings and application criteria, Refractories – Selection of refractories, classification of refractories, High Emissivity coating.
2.6 Fluidized bed combustion (FBC) boilers:
Introduction, fundamentals of fluidized bed combustion, advantages of FBC – Fuel flexibility, operational reliability, environmental acceptability, economic viability, Types of FBC boilers- AFBC boilers, CFBC boilers, Pressurized FBC, retrofitting FBC system to conventional boilers .
2.7 Cogeneration:
Introduction, Classification of cogeneration system – Topping cycle, Bottoming cycle, Types of cogeneration system _ Steam turbine, Gas turbine, Diesel engine systems, Method of calculating CHP system efficiency, Typical cogeneration performance parameters, Heat to Power Ratio, Factors for selection of cogeneration system, Operating strategies for cogeneration plant, Relative merits of cogeneration system, case study.
2.8 Waste Heat Recovery:
Introduction, Opportunities and benefits of waste heat recovery – direct and indirect benefits, Factors affecting waste heat recovery, Overview of waste heat recovery methods and technologies, heat exchanger configuration and heat transfer augmentation.
Topic 3: Energy Efficiency in Electrical Utilities
3.1 Electrical system:
Introduction to electrical power supply system, Electricity billing, electrical load management and maximum demand control, power factor improvement and its benefit, selection and location of capacitors, performance assessment of PF capacitors, automatic power factor controllers, energy efficient transformers, assessment of transmission, distribution and transformer losses, harmonics and its effects.
3.2 Electric motors:
Introduction, Types of motors – Induction, DC motor, Synchronous motor, Motor characteristics – motor speed, V/Hz relationship, power factor, motor efficiency parameters, Motor selection – field test for determining efficiency, Energy efficient motors – Stator and rotor copper losses, core losses, friction and windage losses, stray load losses, Factors affecting energy efficiency – power supply quality, motor loading, power factor correction, maintenance, age, rewinding effects, speed control of AC motors, Harmonics, Other operating concerns, transmission efficiency, soft starters.
3.3 Compressed Air System:
Introduction, Types Of air compressors, positive displacement compressors, centrifugal compressors, system components, compressor performance, efficient compressor operation, energy efficiency practices in compressed air system.
3.4 Heating, ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC):
Introduction, Types of refrigeration and air conditioning, assessment of refrigeration and air conditioning, energy efficiency opportunities, option checklist.
3.5 Fans and blowers: Introduction, Types of fans and blowers, assessment of fans and blowers, energy efficiency and conservation opportunities, option checklist.
3.6 Pumps and Pumping System:
Introduction, Pumping system characteristics, Pump performance characteristics, Types of pumps, assessment of pumps, energy efficiency and conservation opportunities, option checklist.
3.7 Cooling Tower:
Introduction, Components of a cooling tower, materials used, Types of cooling towers, Assessment of cooling towers, energy efficiency and conservation opportunities.
3.8 Lighting System:
Introduction, Definitions, Types of lighting system, Lighting Fixtures, Assessment of Lighting Systems, Energy efficiency and conservation opportunities, options checklist.
3.9 Energy conservation in Buildings:
Introduction, Energy Conservation Building Codes, Types of electric loads in buildings, Energy efficiency and conservation opportunities.
Topic 4: Energy Performance Assessment of Different Industrial Sectors
4.1 Thermal Power Plants:
Introduction, Open and closed cycle power plants, Boiler efficiency calculation, Draft system, Water pumping system, Turbine heat rate calculation, Case studies.
4.2 Cement Plants: I
ntroduction, Cement manufacturing process, Material and Energy balance, Raw Mill, Coal Mill and Case Studies.
4.3 Textile Plants:
Introduction, Textile manufacturing process, Performance evaluation of process equipment, Performance evaluation of utilities, Case studies.
4.4 Pulp and Paper Industry:
Introduction, Pulp and Paper manufacturing process, Energy consumption pattern, Performance evaluation of equipment, Case Studies.
4.5 Steel Re-rolling Mill:
Introduction, Steel re-rolling process, Heat balance of reheating furnace, Case studies